Accueil > Géologie > L’orogenèse des Pyrénées
L’orogenèse des Pyrénées
jeudi 17 novembre 2016, par
Que sont les montagnes ?
On appelle « montagnes », des formes variées de reliefs plus ou moins élevés. On peut définir les montagnes par leurs altitudes, les morphologies des divers plissements comprenant : des sommets, des aiguilles, des faces, des éperons, des falaises, des éboulis, des pentes, des gorges, des vallées, des torrents, des glaciers, etc….
Généralement, les chaînes de montagnes sont issues du rapprochement de plaques tectoniques.
L’histoire géologique des Pyrénées
L’histoire géologique des Pyrénées se déroule sur 500.000.000 d’années, ce sont des montagnes anciennes et jeunes à la fois.
Ces montagnes se sont formées en 2 étapes :
- De 360 à 290.000.000 d’années, c’est l’orogenèse hercynienne.
- De 53 à 33.000.000 d’années, c’est l’orogenèse pyrénéenne qui sera suivie par une forte surrection au Plio Quaternaire.
Les roches constituant ces plissements sont d’origine sédimentaire et se sont déposées avant, pendant et après ces deux plissements.
Les étapes de la formation des Pyrénées
Les différentes étapes de la formation pyrénéenne :
Les plus anciens dépôts sont datés de l’Ordovicien (ils sont donc âgés de 500 millions d’années) ils referment donc divers fossiles notamment de coraux.
Au Carbonifère supérieur (300 000 000 d’années) se sont effectués divers dépôts avec charbons de bois et plantes fossilisées.
L’orogenèse hercynienne va permettre un soulèvement des dépôts datés entre l’Ordovicien (500 000 000 d’années) et le Carbonifère inférieur (300 000 000 d’années) : c’est la première chaîne pyrénéenne.
L’érosion va dissoudre les roches calcaires et creuser d’importantes vallées tandis que vont apparaître divers volcans.
Au Jurassique (200 à 130 000 000 d’années) se sont déposés notamment des sédiments calcaires dont certains progressivement se transformeront en dolomie (enrichissement en magnésium). Cette transformation physique, chimique et biochimique (au contact avec l’eau de mer) conduisant ces sédiments meubles et riches en eau en roches se nomme diagenèse.

La diagenèse est généralement l’aboutissement de multiples facteurs :
- Action des bactéries, des protozoaires et êtres qui vivaient dans les eaux marines
- Pédogenèse
- Dissolution de minéraux
- Deshydratation
- Cémentation des éléments
- Développement de nouveaux minéraux (épigénisation)
- Silicification des calcaires
- Substitution de minéraux à volume constant (métasomatose)
- Compaction et litage en strates (facteur essentiel)
Crétacé inférieur
Au Crétacé inférieur (150 000 000 d’années) se sédimentent les marnes puis les calcaires sur une épaisseur de plusieurs centaines de mètres. La première chaîne pyrénéenne est devenue une pénéplaine qui en certains endroits est recouverte par la mer.
Crétacé supérieur
Au Crétacé supérieur (130 000 000 d’années) la pénéplaine est entaillée de multiples et importants sillons aux bords escarpés. Les sédiments d’argile et de sable sédimentés en bordure des plaques ibérique et Aquitaine sont précipités dans les sillons : gros matériaux, puis moyens et matériaux fins donnant des flyschs.
À la fin du Crétacé supérieur (130 000 000 d’années) va se produire sur 250 km la collision entre la plaque ibérique et la plaque eurasienne qui va former la chaîne pyrénéenne que nous connaissons.
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